ERA5-Land hourly time-series data from 1950 to present
English
United Kingdom, Reading
ESA
数据描述
ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying only the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades. Data is available from 1940 onwards. ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent datas... This dataset provides a complete historical reconstruction for a set of indices representing human thermal stress and discomfort in outdoor conditions. This dataset, also known as ERA5-HEAT (Human thErmAl comforT) represents the current state-of-the-art for bioclimatology data record production. This dataset provides daily gridded data of sea ice concentration for both hemispheres derived from satellite passive microwave brightness temperatures. This dataset provides daily gridded data of sea ice edge and sea ice type derived from brightness temperatures measured by satellite passive microwave radiometers. This dataset provides lake water levels for 311 selected lakes on four continents derived from satellite radar altimetry. This dataset provides estimates of surface soil moisture over the globe from a large set of satellite sensors. This dataset provides gridded daily and monthly mean global estimates of sea level anomaly based on satellite altimetry measurements. This dataset provides global ocean and sea-ice reanalysis (ORAS5: Ocean Reanalysis System 5) monthly mean data prepared by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) OCEAN5 ocean analysis-reanalysis system.
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Climate sciencesNatural hazards
10.1038/S41612-025-01283-7
ISSN:2397-3722
AIFS-CRPS: ensemble forecasting using a model trained with a loss function based on the continuous ranked probability score
Simon Lang•Mihai Alexe•Mariana C. A. Clare•Christopher Roberts•Rilwan Adewoyin等 18 人
Npj Artificial Intelligence
2026
•2026/2/2
•Vol.2 No.1 p.180
Ensemble weather forecasts provide a probabilistic description of the future state of the atmosphere and give users flow-dependent estimates of forecast uncertainty. Here, we introduce AIFS-CRPS, an ensemble variant of the machine-learned Artificial Intelligence Forecasting System (AIFS) developed a...
Astronomy and planetary scienceMathematics and computingPhysics
10.1038/S44387-026-00073-7
ISSN:3005-1460
Enduring local impact of springtime snow cover over the Third Pole
Changgui Lin•Kun Yang•Deliang Chen•Siyu Yue•Xu Zhou等 10 人
Npj Climate And Atmospheric Science
2025
•2025/12/11
•Vol.8 No.1 p.3840
The remote influences of springtime Third Pole (TP) snow cover (TPSC) on the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) have been extensively studied. However, a clear mechanism explaining the cross-season links remains not well established. Before we confirm any remote eff...
Atmospheric dynamicsCryospheric science
10.1038/S41612-025-01264-W
ISSN:2397-3722
Scale-dependent model-observation inconsistencies in global terrestrial water storage models
Gangqiang Zhang•Tongren Xu•Shaomin Liu•Liqiang Zhang•Sayed M. Bateni等 8 人
Communications Earth & Environment
2026
•2026/2/23
•Vol.7 No.1 p.2980
Accurate representation of terrestrial water storage is essential for water resource management and climate adaptation, yet model‑observation inconsistencies hinder global water cycle assessment. Here we show, using a unified multi‑scale framework, that seven model products with diverse modeling str...
Hydrology
10.1038/S43247-026-03327-Z
ISSN:2662-4435
Decadal predictability of summer precipitation in Northwestern China originated from the North Atlantic Ocean
Yuhang Xiang•Juan Li•Bin Wang•Zhiwei Zhu
Npj Climate And Atmospheric Science
2025
•2025/8/19
•Vol.8 No.1 p.1-10
Northwestern China (NWC) has a monsoon-like, arid and semi-arid climate with considerable decadal variability and long-term trends. Decadal prediction of summer precipitation remains challenging due to the mixed influence of external forcing and internal variability. This study shows that the decada...
Atmospheric dynamicsProjection and prediction
10.1038/S41612-025-01197-4
ISSN:2397-3722
Western North Pacific Tropical cyclones act to suppress its adjacent Hadley circulation
Falei Xu•Juan Feng•Jianping Li•Xuanliang Ji•Yaqi Wang
Npj Climate And Atmospheric Science
2025
•2025/10/22
•Vol.8 No.1 p.1-11
The Hadley circulation (HC) is an important atmospheric circulation system connecting the tropics and subtropics, and variabilities of regional HC exhibit significant impacts on tropical cyclones (TC). However, the potential feedback of TC on the regional HC remains unclear. Here, we reveal that wes...
Atmospheric scienceClimate change
10.1038/S41612-025-01227-1
ISSN:2397-3722
Recent increase in surface melting of West Antarctic ice shelves linked to Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
Pranab Deb•David Bromwich•Andrew Orr•Arnab Sen•Kyle R. Clem
Communications Earth & Environment
2025
•2025/2/10
•Vol.6 No.1 p.1-12
Since the late 1990s, summer surface melt across ice shelves in the Ross-Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica increased significantly, as demonstrated by satellite measurements and MetUM simulations. This contrasts with the period from 1979 to the late 1990s, which witnessed a decreasing summer me...
Atmospheric dynamicsCryospheric science
10.1038/S43247-025-02077-8
ISSN:2662-4435
Unique atmospheric boundary layer structures driven by lake effects
Weiyao Ma•Weiqiang Ma•Zhipeng Xie•Binbin Wang•Haoran Shi等 7 人
Communications Earth & Environment
2026
•2026/2/3
•Vol.7 No.1 p.2210
Lakes affect regional climate by influencing heat and moisture exchange and near-surface wind. However, their global impact on the atmospheric boundary layer, a key layer of land–atmosphere interaction, remains unclear. Here, we combine satellite-based atmospheric profiles with the fifth generation ...
Atmospheric dynamicsAtmospheric science
10.1038/S43247-026-03234-3
ISSN:2662-4435
Arctic stratospheric polar vortex collapse amplified South China extreme rainfall in April 2024
Qilu Wang•Anmin Duan•Aiguo Dai•Shutao Cao•Aoqi Zhou等 8 人
Npj Climate And Atmospheric Science
2025
•2025/6/14
•Vol.8 No.1 p.1-11
In March 2024, the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex (ASPV) collapsed dramatically. The following April, extreme precipitation in South China (SCP) caused severe floods and economic damage. Whether and how they are connected is crucial yet unclear. Through observations and model simulations, we demo...
Climate sciencesEnvironmental sciences
10.1038/S41612-025-01107-8
ISSN:2397-3722
Declining short-term emission control opportunity for major events in Chinese cities
Hanying Wang•Qin He•Hao Kong•Kai Qin•Bo Zheng等 7 人
Nature Cities
2025
•2025/4/28
•00 p.1-13
In China, short-term emission controls have been implemented widely in the host and nearby cities of major events to reduce air pollution. However, insufficient analysis of their effectiveness has weakened the design of pollution controls. In this study, we analyzed the impact of short-term controls...
Environmental impactEnvironmental studies
10.1038/S44284-025-00233-X
ISSN:2731-9997
Atmospheric water vapor contribution to interannual variability of Northern Hemisphere summer heatwaves
Dingrui Cao•Hai Lin•Yi Huang
Npj Climate And Atmospheric Science
2026
•2026/2/28
•Vol.9 No.1 p.880
Previous studies suggested that atmospheric water vapor, as a greenhouse gas, can amplify surface warming by enhancing downwelling longwave radiation (DLR), thereby potentially intensifying extreme heatwaves. However, the atmospheric water vapor anomalies associated with heatwaves and their radiativ...
Climate sciencesEnvironmental sciences
10.1038/S41612-026-01361-4
ISSN:2397-3722
Diverging responses of terrestrial ecosystems to water stress after disturbances
Meng Liu•Josep Peñuelas•Anna T. Trugman•German Vargas G•Linqing Yang等 6 人
Nature Climate Change
2025
•2025/1/2
•00 p.1-7
Terrestrial ecosystems are major carbon (C) pools, sequestering ~20% of anthropogenic C emissions. However, increasing frequency and intensity of climate-sensitive disturbances (for example, drought and wildfire) threaten long-term C uptake. Although direct effects of disturbances are well-documente...
Climate-change impactsEcosystem ecology
10.1038/S41558-024-02191-Z
ISSN:1758-678X
Precipitation and soil moisture coupling constrains subseasonal predictability of a prolonged extreme heatwave
Bingjie Lv•Shuguang Wang•Gang Chen•Baoqiang Xiang
Communications Earth & Environment
2026
•2026/2/28
•Vol.7 No.1 p.3230
Demand for accurate forecasts of long-lasting heatwaves is increasing, yet the processes that fundamentally limit their predictability remain poorly understood. Here we study the predictability of the August 2022 Yangtze River Valley (YRV) heatwave using real-time subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) forec...
Atmospheric dynamicsEnvironmental impact
10.1038/S43247-026-03341-1
ISSN:2662-4435
DeepKoopFormer: a Koopman enhanced transformer based architecture for time series forecasting
Ali Forootani•Mohammad Khosravi•Masoud Barati
Npj Artificial Intelligence
2026
•2026/3/11
•Vol.2 No.1 p.350
Time series forecasting plays a vital role across scientific, industrial, and environmental domains, especially when dealing with high-dimensional and nonlinear systems. While Transformer models have recently achieved state-of-the-art performance in long-range forecasting, they often suffer from int...
EngineeringMathematics and computing
10.1038/S44387-026-00085-3
ISSN:3005-1460
Evidence for preferred propagating terrestrial heatwave pathways due to Rossby wave activity
Mingzhao Wang•Yu Huang•Christian L. E. Franzke•Naiming Yuan•Zuntao Fu等 6 人
Nature Communications
2025
•2025/5/22
•Vol.16 No.1 p.1-10
Terrestrial heatwaves are prolonged hot weather events often resulting in widespread socioeconomic impacts. Predicting heatwaves remains challenging, partly due to limited understanding of the events’ spatial evolution and underlying mechanisms. Heatwaves were mainly examined at fixed stations, with...
Atmospheric dynamicsProjection and prediction
10.1038/S41467-025-60104-W
ISSN:2041-1723
Satellite latent heating retrievals uncover a seasonal terrain-monsoon seesaw in southern Tibetan Plateau rainfall
Yan Zhou•Rui Li•Hongwei Zhao•Chun Zhao•Peng Zhang等 13 人
Npj Climate And Atmospheric Science
2026
•2026/3/4
•Vol.9 No.1 p.910
The relative roles of the Himalayan orography and South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) circulation in Tibetan Plateau (TP) precipitation remain contentious, yet numerical simulations exhibit substantial uncertainties due to extreme topographic gradients. Conventional satellites capture only exterior cl...
Climate sciencesNatural hazards
10.1038/S41612-026-01364-1
ISSN:2397-3722
Anthropogenic forcing intensified internally driven concurrent heatwaves in August 2022 across the Northern Hemisphere
Kangjie Ma•Hainan Gong•Lin Wang•Bo Liu•Yulan Li等 7 人
Npj Climate And Atmospheric Science
2024
•2024/11/27
•Vol.7 No.1 p.1-9
In August 2022, unprecedented and long-lasting extreme heatwaves attacked the Northern Hemisphere, with simultaneous record-breaking surface air temperature (SAT) in Eastern Europe (EE), Southern China (SC), and Western North America (WNA). However, the underlying physical mechanisms of these concur...
Atmospheric dynamicsClimate change
10.1038/S41612-024-00828-6
ISSN:2397-3722
Strengthening of favorable environments for North Atlantic tropical cyclogenesis in midlatitudes in a warmer climate
A. Montoro-Mendoza•C. Calvo-Sancho•J. J. González-Alemán•J. Díaz-Fernández•P. Bolgiani等 6 人
Npj Climate And Atmospheric Science
2026
•2026/1/9
•Vol.9 No.1 p.450
Anthropogenic climate change is intensifying tropical cyclones, and some studies suggest that they are now impacting regions farther from the equator, though uncertainties remain. This study examines the North Atlantic (NATL) basin’s autumn climatology, focusing on environments conducive to tropical...
Atmospheric scienceClimate change
10.1038/S41612-025-01317-0
ISSN:2397-3722
Increased hailstorms in cities through cell merger mechanism across North America and East Asia
Ang Zhou•Kun Zhao•Johnny C. L. Chan•Shuguang Wang
Nature Communications
2026
•2026/3/14
0Hailstorms rank among the most destructive extreme weather events globally, causing substantial property damage. While limited case studies suggest that cities may exacerbate hailstorms, the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain because of the complex physical processes. Here, we examine a hailstor...
Atmospheric dynamicsNatural hazards
10.1038/S41467-026-70826-0
ISSN:2041-1723