Planetary Data System
English
United States, Los Angeles
NASA
数据描述
The Planetary Data System (PDS) is a comprehensive digital repository managed by NASA, storing scientific data from planetary missions such as the Mars Science Laboratory, Mars 2020, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. It offers well-documented, peer-reviewed datasets accessible through an online catalog organized by planetary disciplines like atmospheres, cartography, geosciences, and others, each supported by specialized nodes led by experts. PDS provides tools for data manipulation and is designed to cater to researchers, educators, students, and the public, ensuring ease of access and usability. The system promotes open sharing of data, free of charge, with no restrictions on export, making it a vital resource for planetary science research worldwide.
pds.nasa.gov
IP: 13.225.103.125
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相关论文
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Liming Li•X. Jiang•R. A. West•P. J. Gierasch•S. Perez-Hoyos等 20 人
Nature Communications
2018
•2018/9/13
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The radiant energy budget and internal heat are fundamental properties of giant planets, but precise determination of these properties remains a challenge. Here, we report measurements of Jupiter’s radiant energy budget and internal heat based on Cassini multi-instrument observations. Our findings r...
Giant planets
10.1038/S41467-018-06107-2
ISSN:2041-1723
Mapping Saturn using deep learning
I. P. Waldmann•C. A. Griffith
Nature Astronomy
2019
•2019/4/29
•Vol.3 No.7 p.620-625
Clouds and aerosols provide unique insight into the chemical and physical processes of gas-giant planets. Mapping and characterizing the spectral features indicative of the cloud structure and composition enables an understanding of a planet’s energy budget, chemistry and atmospheric dynamics1–4. Cu...
Atmospheric chemistryAtmospheric dynamicsGiant planetsPlanetary science
10.1038/S41550-019-0753-8
ISSN:2397-3366
Formation of electron radiation belts at Saturn by Z-mode wave acceleration
E. E. Woodfield•R. B. Horne•S. A. Glauert•J. D. Menietti•Y. Y. Shprits等 6 人
Nature Communications
2018
•2018/11/29
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At Saturn electrons are trapped in the planet’s magnetic field and accelerated to relativistic energies to form the radiation belts, but how this dramatic increase in electron energy occurs is still unknown. Until now the mechanism of radial diffusion has been assumed but we show here that in-situ a...
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10.1038/S41467-018-07549-4
ISSN:2041-1723
Coevolution of Mars’s atmosphere and massive south polar CO 2 ice deposit
P. B. Buhler•A. P. Ingersoll•S. Piqueux•B. L. Ehlmann•P. O. Hayne
Nature Astronomy
2019
•2019/12/23
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A massive CO2 ice deposit overlies1 part of Mars’s primarily H2O ice2–4 south polar cap5. This deposit rivals the mass of Mars’s current, 96% CO2, atmosphere6. Its release could substantially alter Mars’s pressure and climate1. The deposit consists of alternating CO2 and H2O ice layers to a depth of...
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10.1038/S41550-019-0976-8
ISSN:2397-3366
Formation of metre-scale bladed roughness on Europa’s surface by ablation of ice
Daniel E. J. Hobley•Jeffrey M. Moore•Alan D. Howard•Orkan M. Umurhan
Nature Geoscience
2018
•2018/10/8
•Vol.11 No.12 p.901-904
On Earth, the sublimation of massive ice deposits at equatorial latitudes under cold and dry conditions in the absence of any liquid melt leads to the formation of spiked and bladed textures eroded into the surface of the ice. These sublimation-sculpted blades are known as penitentes. For this proce...
Cryospheric scienceGeomorphologyRings and moons
10.1038/S41561-018-0235-0
ISSN:1752-0894
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Nature Astronomy
2018
•2018/9/17
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Cryovolcanism, defined here as the extrusion of icy material from depth, may be an important planetary phenomenon in shaping the surfaces of many worlds in the outer Solar System and revealing their thermal histories1–3. However, the physics, chemistry and ubiquity of this geologic process remain po...
Asteroids, comets and Kuiper beltPlanetary scienceVolcanology
10.1038/S41550-018-0574-1
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Hypothesis of an ancient northern ocean on Mars and insights from the Zhurong rover
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2024
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Various landforms suggest the past presence of liquid water on the surface of Mars. The putative coastal landforms, outflow channels and the hemisphere-wide Vastitas Borealis Formation sediments indicate that the northern lowlands may have housed an ancient ocean. Challenges to this hypothesis are f...
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Lingqi Zeng•Briony H. N. Horgan
Nature Communications
2025
•2025/4/4
•Vol.16 No.1 p.1-10
Impact-induced hydrothermal systems have the potential to sustain long-lived aqueous environments throughout the history of Mars, yet their nature and distribution are not well-understood. While post-impact hydrothermal alteration on Mars has traditionally been studied at central peaks, we reported ...
GeochemistryGeomorphologyMineralogy
10.1038/S41467-025-57709-6
ISSN:2041-1723
Peering into lunar permanently shadowed regions with deep learning
Bickel V. T.•Moseley B.•Lopez-Francos I.•Shirley M.
Nature Communications
2021
•2021/9/23
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The lunar permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) are expected to host large quantities of water-ice, which are key for sustainable exploration of the Moon and beyond. In the near future, NASA and other entities plan to send rovers and humans to characterize water-ice within PSRs. However, there exists ...
Computer scienceCryospheric scienceGeomorphologySoftware
10.1038/S41467-021-25882-Z
ISSN:2041-1723
Carbonate formation and fluctuating habitability on Mars
Edwin S. Kite•Benjamin M. Tutolo•Madison L. Turner•Heather B. Franz•David G. Burtt等 10 人
Nature
2025
•2025/7/2
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The cause of Mars’s loss of surface habitability is unclear, with isotopic data suggesting a ‘missing sink’ of carbonate1. Past climates with surface and shallow-subsurface liquid water are recorded by Mars’s sedimentary rocks, including strata in the approximately 4-km-thick record at Gale Crater2....
Planetary science
10.1038/S41586-025-09161-1
ISSN:0028-0836
Methane seasonal cycle at Gale Crater on Mars consistent with regolith adsorption and diffusion
John E. Moores•Raina V. Gough•German M. Martinez•Pierre-Yves Meslin•Christina L. Smith等 9 人
Nature Geoscience
2019
•2019/3/4
•Vol.12 No.5 p.321-325
A strong, repeatable seasonal cycle in the background methane mixing ratio has been observed at the Gale Crater landing site of the Mars Science Laboratory rover with the Tunable Laser Spectrometer of the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument. However, as of yet, no physical process has been proposed t...
Atmospheric chemistryInner planetsPlanetary science
10.1038/S41561-019-0313-Y
ISSN:1752-0894
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Nature Astronomy
2021
•2021/11/1
•00 p.1-12
The wet chemistry experiments on the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument on NASA’s Curiosity rover were designed to facilitate gas chromatography mass spectrometry analyses of polar molecules such as amino acids and carboxylic acids. Here we present the results of such a successful wet chemistry expe...
AstrobiologyGeochemistryInner planets
10.1038/S41550-021-01507-9
ISSN:2397-3366
Mars’s induced magnetosphere can degenerate
Qi Zhang•Stas Barabash•Mats Holmstrom•Xiao-dong Wang•Yoshifumi Futaana等 8 人
Nature
2024
•2024/9/18
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The interaction between planets and stellar winds can lead to atmospheric loss and is, thus, important for the evolution of planetary atmospheres1. The planets in our Solar System typically interact with the solar wind, whose velocity is at a large angle to the embedded stellar magnetic field. For p...
ExoplanetsMagnetospheric physics
10.1038/S41586-024-07959-Z
ISSN:0028-0836
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R. M. C. Lopes•M. J. Malaska•A. M. Schoenfeld•A. Solomonidou•S. P. D. Birch等 13 人
Nature Astronomy
2019
•2019/11/18
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Titan has an active methane-based hydrologic cycle1 that has shaped a complex geologic landscape2, making its surface one of most geologically diverse in the Solar System. Despite the differences in materials, temperatures and gravity fields between Earth and Titan, many of their surface features ar...
Astronomy and astrophysicsPlanetary science
10.1038/S41550-019-0917-6
ISSN:2397-3366
Sustained wet–dry cycling on early Mars
W. Rapin•G. Dromart•B. C. Clark•J. Schieber•E. S. Kite等 12 人
Nature
2023
•2023/8/9
•Vol.620 No.7973 p.299-302
The presence of perennially wet surface environments on early Mars is well documented1,2, but little is known about short-term episodicity in the early hydroclimate3. Post-depositional processes driven by such short-term fluctuations may produce distinct structures, yet these are rarely preserv...
AstrobiologyGeochemistrySedimentology
10.1038/S41586-023-06220-3
ISSN:0028-0836
Strategic exploration of Elysium Mons Cave Zone on Mars: implications for AI-driven robotic dogs
Ravi Sharma•Chunyu Ding•Francesco Soldovieri•Yachen Xie•Yan Su等 16 人
Npj Space Exploration
2026
•2026/6/12
•Vol.2 No.1 p.260
This study presents orbital validation of a potential cave candidate (PCC) on the western flank of Elysium Mons, originally cataloged in the Mars Cave Database, and establishes it as a high-priority subsurface exploration target. A multi-sensor investigation integrates morphological, thermal, topogr...
Astronomy and planetary sciencePlanetary scienceSolid Earth sciences
10.1038/S44453-026-00039-8
ISSN:3059-3700
Endogenically sourced volatiles on Charon and other Kuiper belt objects
Menten Stephanie M.•Sori Michael M.•Bramson Ali M.
Nature Communications
2022
•2022/8/9
•Vol.13 No.1 p.1-7
Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) have diverse surface compositions, and the New Horizons mission to the Pluto-Charon system allows us to test hypotheses on the origin and evolution of these KBO surfaces. Previous work proposed that Charon’s organic-rich north pole formed from radiolytically processed vola...
Cryospheric scienceVolcanology
10.1038/S41467-022-31846-8
ISSN:2041-1723
A rapidly time-varying equatorial jet in Jupiter’s deep interior
Jeremy Bloxham•Hao Cao•David J. Stevenson•John E. P. Connerney•Scott J. Bolton
Nature
2024
•2024/3/6
•Vol.627 No.8002 p.64-66
Planetary magnetic fields provide a window into the otherwise largely inaccessible dynamics of a planet’s deep interior. In particular, interaction between fluid flow in electrically conducting interior regions and the magnetic field there gives rise to observable secular variation (time dependency)...
Core processesGiant planets
10.1038/S41586-024-07046-3
ISSN:0028-0836
The seismicity of Mars
D. Giardini•P. Lognonné•W. B. Banerdt•W. T. Pike•U. Christensen等 63 人
Nature Geoscience
2020
•2020/2/24
•Vol.13 No.3 p.205-212
The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission landed in Elysium Planitia on Mars on 26 November 2018 and fully deployed its seismometer by the end of February 2019. The mission aims to detect, characterize and locate seismic activity on Mars, and...
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10.1038/S41561-020-0539-8
ISSN:1752-0894
Evidence for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons detected in sulfates at Jezero crater by the Perseverance rover
Teresa Fornaro•Sunanda Sharma•Ryan S. Jakubek•Giovanni Poggiali•John Robert Brucato等 47 人
Nature Astronomy
2025
•2025/9/4
•00 p.1-14
The search for organic molecules on Mars is central to understanding the planet’s past habitability and potential for ancient life. Although organic molecules have previously been detected on Mars, their nature, origin and preservation mechanisms remain debated. On the floor of the Jezero crater—an ...
AstrobiologyGeochemistry
10.1038/S41550-025-02638-Z
ISSN:2397-3366
Anoxic chemical weathering under a reducing greenhouse on early Mars
J. Liu•J. R. Michalski•W. Tan•H. He•B. Ye等 6 人
Nature Astronomy
2021
•2021/2/11
•00 p.1-7
Reduced greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) might be the only tenable solution to explain warming of the ancient Martian climate, but direct geological evidence that a reduced atmosphere actually existed on Mars has been lacking. Here we report widespread, strong Fe loss in chem...
ChemistryPlanetary science
10.1038/S41550-021-01303-5
ISSN:2397-3366
Plasma densities near and beyond the heliopause from the Voyager 1 and 2 plasma wave instruments
D. A. Gurnett•W. S. Kurth
Nature Astronomy
2019
•2019/11/4
•Vol.3 No.11 p.1024-1028
The heliopause is the boundary between the hot heliospheric (solar wind) plasma and the relatively cold interstellar plasma. Pressure balance considerations show that there should be a large (factor of 20 to 50) density increase across the heliopause. Here we report electron density measurements fro...
Astronomy and planetary scienceSpace physics
10.1038/S41550-019-0918-5
ISSN:2397-3366
Initial results from the InSight mission on Mars
W. Bruce Banerdt•Suzanne E. Smrekar•Don Banfield•Domenico Giardini•Matthew Golombek等 69 人
Nature Geoscience
2020
•2020/2/24
•Vol.13 No.3 p.183-189
NASA’s InSight (Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission landed in Elysium Planitia on Mars on 26 November 2018. It aims to determine the interior structure, composition and thermal state of Mars, as well as constrain present-day seismicity and impact cr...
Atmospheric dynamicsGeomagnetismGeomorphologyInner planetsSeismology
10.1038/S41561-020-0544-Y
ISSN:1752-0894
A corridor of exposed ice-rich bedrock across Titan’s tropical region
Caitlin A. Griffith•Paulo F. Penteado•Jake D. Turner•Catherine D. Neish•Giuseppe Mitri等 8 人
Nature Astronomy
2019
•2019/4/29
•Vol.3 No.7 p.642-648
Global maps of Titan show great diversity in terrain types, but their associations with specific compositions on a large scale are obscured by Titan’s thick atmosphere, which shrouds the weak spectral features. Here we develop a principal component analysis (PCA) that enables the identification of s...
GeochemistryRings and moons
10.1038/S41550-019-0756-5
ISSN:2397-3366
Energetic charged particle measurements from Voyager 2 at the heliopause and beyond
Stamatios M. Krimigis•Robert B. Decker•Edmond C. Roelof•Matthew E. Hill•Carl O. Bostrom等 10 人
Nature Astronomy
2019
•2019/11/4
•Vol.3 No.11 p.997-1006
The long-anticipated encounter by Voyager 2 (V2) of the region between the heliosphere and the very local interstellar medium (VLISM) occurred toward the end of 2018. Here, we report measurements of energetic (>28 keV) charged particles on V2 from the interface region between the heliosheath, domina...
Astronomy and astrophysicsInterstellar medium
10.1038/S41550-019-0927-4
ISSN:2397-3366
Buried palaeo-polygonal terrain detected underneath Utopia Planitia on Mars by the Zhurong radar
Lei Zhang•Chao Li•Jinhai Zhang•Bin Zhou•Yu-Yan Sara Zhao等 36 人
Nature Astronomy
2023
•2023/11/23
•00 p.1-8
As the largest basin on Mars, Utopia Planitia has both experienced and recorded variations of the Martian palaeoclimate. Layered subsurface structures have been identified by ground-penetrating radar in southern Utopia Planitia but lateral variations of the subsurface, potentially linked to the Mart...
HydrologyStructural geology
10.1038/S41550-023-02117-3
ISSN:2397-3366
Long-lasting habitable periods in Gale crater constrained by glauconitic clays
Elisabeth Losa-Adams•Carolina Gil-Lozano•Alberto G. Fairén•Janice L. Bishop•Elizabeth B. Rampe等 6 人
Nature Astronomy
2021
•2021/6/28
•00 p.1-7
In situ investigations by the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover have confirmed the presence of an ancient lake that existed in Gale crater for up to 10 million years. The lake was filled with sediments that eventually converted to a compacted sandstone. However, it remains unclear whether the ...
GeochemistryMineralogy
10.1038/S41550-021-01397-X
ISSN:2397-3366
Birkeland currents in Jupiter’s magnetosphere observed by the polar-orbiting Juno spacecraft
Stavros Kotsiaros•John E. P. Connerney•George Clark•Frederic Allegrini•G. Randall Gladstone等 14 人
Nature Astronomy
2019
•2019/7/8
•Vol.3 No.10 p.904-909
The exchange of energy and momentum between the Earth’s upper atmosphere and ionosphere, and its space environment (magnetosphere) is regulated by electric currents (called Birkeland currents) flowing along magnetic field lines that connect these two regions of space1. The associated electric curren...
Astronomy and planetary scienceGiant planets
10.1038/S41550-019-0819-7
ISSN:2397-3366
Igneous and sedimentary origins of Jezero crater units from X-ray crystal mapping on Mars
Brendan J. Orenstein•David T. Flannery•Michael W. M. Jones•Eleanor L. Moreland•Kirsten L. Siebach等 15 人
Communications Earth & Environment
2026
•2026/2/18
•Vol.7 No.1 p.2830
Jezero crater is located in Mars’ largest olivine-rich region, which is variously interpreted as lava flows, intrusive plutons, clastic sediments, or pyroclastics. In Jezero crater, several olivine-rich units have been investigated by the Perseverance rover, including an olivine cumulate i...
Inner planetsMineralogyPetrologySedimentology
10.1038/S43247-026-03227-2
ISSN:2662-4435
Energetic neutral atom imaging reveals nearly 11-year cycle of the ring current of Saturn
Yimeng Li•Chao Yue•Yixin Sun•Xianzhe Jia•Qiugang Zong等 6 人
Nature Communications
2024
•2024/12/5
•Vol.15 No.1 p.1-9
The drift motion of energetic charged particles can generate an azimuthal electric current around the planet known as the ring current, which regulates the field configuration of the magnetosphere. However, limited coverage of in-situ measurements makes it challenging to investigate the long-term va...
Giant planetsMagnetospheric physics
10.1038/S41467-024-55037-9
ISSN:2041-1723
The shallow structure of Mars at the InSight landing site from inversion of ambient vibrations
Hobiger M.•Hallo M.•Schmelzbach C.•Stähler S. C.•Fäh D.等 16 人
Nature Communications
2021
•2021/11/23
•Vol.12 No.1 p.1-13
Orbital and surface observations can shed light on the internal structure of Mars. NASA’s InSight mission allows mapping the shallow subsurface of Elysium Planitia using seismic data. In this work, we apply a classical seismological technique of inverting Rayleigh wave ellipticity curves extracted f...
Inner planetsSeismology
10.1038/S41467-021-26957-7
ISSN:2041-1723
The water abundance in Jupiter’s equatorial zone
Cheng Li•Andrew Ingersoll•Scott Bolton•Steven Levin•Michael Janssen等 23 人
Nature Astronomy
2020
•2020/2/10
•Vol.4 No.6 p.609-616
Oxygen is the most common element after hydrogen and helium in Jupiter’s atmosphere, and may have been the primary condensable (as water ice) in the protoplanetary disk. Prior to the Juno mission, in situ measurements of Jupiter’s water abundance were obtained from the Galileo probe, which dropped i...
Astronomy and planetary scienceAtmospheric chemistryGiant planetsPlanetary science
10.1038/S41550-020-1009-3
ISSN:2397-3366
Availability of subsurface water-ice resources in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars
G. A. Morgan•N. E. Putzig•M. R. Perry•H. G. Sizemore•A. M. Bramson等 14 人
Nature Astronomy
2021
•2021/2/8
•Vol.5 No.3 p.230-236
Multiple nations and private entities are pushing to make landing humans on Mars a reality. The majority of proposed mission architectures envision ‘living off the land’ by leveraging Martian water-ice deposits for fuel production and other purposes. Fortunately for mission designers, water ice exis...
Astronomy and planetary scienceCryospheric scienceGeomorphology
10.1038/S41550-020-01290-Z
ISSN:2397-3366
Recent explosive lava-water interaction in Tharsis, Mars
Bartosz Pieterek•Thomas J. Jones
Npj Space Exploration
2026
•2026/4/2
•Vol.2 No.1 p.150
The spatiotemporal distribution of water on Mars is fundamental to understanding the planet’s evolution. Comprehensive integration and analysis of high-resolution remotely sensed datasets have enabled the investigation of previously uninterpreted small-scale volcanic landforms that imply the involve...
Planetary scienceSolid Earth sciences
10.1038/S44453-026-00031-2
ISSN:3059-3700
Observational evidence of ring current in the magnetosphere of Mercury
Zhao J.-T.•Zong Q.-G.•Yue C.•Sun W.-J.•Zhang H.等 12 人
Nature Communications
2022
•2022/2/17
•Vol.13 No.1 p.1-10
The magnetic gradient and curvature drift of energetic ions can form a longitudinal electric current around a planet known as the ring current, that has been observed in the intrinsic magnetospheres of Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. However, there is still a lack of observational evidence of ring curre...
Inner planetsMagnetospheric physics
10.1038/S41467-022-28521-3
ISSN:2041-1723
The global current systems of the Martian induced magnetosphere
Robin Ramstad•David A. Brain•Yaxue Dong•Jared Espley•Jasper Halekas等 6 人
Nature Astronomy
2020
•2020/5/25
•Vol.4 No.10 p.979-985
Induced magnetospheres form around conductive non-magnetized planetary objects (such as the ionospheres of Mars, Venus, Titan, Pluto and comets) in the electrodynamic interaction with a magnetized flowing plasma, such as the solar wind. The resulting induced currents couple the ionosphere and the de...
Magnetospheric physics
10.1038/S41550-020-1099-Y
ISSN:2397-3366
The changing temperature of the nucleus of comet 67P induced by morphological and seasonal effects
F. Tosi•F. Capaccioni•M. T. Capria•S. Mottola•A. Zinzi等 34 人
Nature Astronomy
2019
•2019/4/22
•Vol.3 No.7 p.649-658
Knowledge of the surface temperature distribution on a comet’s nucleus and its temporal evolution at different timescales is key to constraining its thermophysical properties and understanding the physical processes that take place at and below the surface. Here we report on time-resolved maps of co...
Astronomy and planetary sciencePlanetary science
10.1038/S41550-019-0740-0
ISSN:2397-3366
In situ observation of mass ejections caused by magnetic reconnections in the ionosphere of Mars
Yudong Ye•Xiaojun Xu•Lou-Chuang Lee•Jiang Yu•Jing Wang等 10 人
Nature Astronomy
2024
•2024/4/22
•00 p.1-8
Explosive mass ejections triggered by magnetic activities are common on our Sun and other stars in the Universe. However, there is a lack of evidence for such explosive phenomena in magnetized or partially magnetized planets with atmospheres. Here we present direct evidence for explosive mass ejecti...
Planetary scienceSpace physics
10.1038/S41550-024-02254-3
ISSN:2397-3366
Evidence for low density holes in Jupiter’s ionosphere
Masafumi Imai•Ivana Kolmašová•William S. Kurth•Ondřej Santolík•George B. Hospodarsky等 10 人
Nature Communications
2019
•2019/6/21
•Vol.10 No.1 p.1-6
Intense electromagnetic impulses induced by Jupiter’s lightning have been recognised to produce both low-frequency dispersed whistler emissions and non-dispersed radio pulses. Here we report the discovery of electromagnetic pulses associated with Jovian lightning. Detected by the Juno Waves instrume...
Planetary scienceSpace physics
10.1038/S41467-019-10708-W
ISSN:2041-1723
Fresh rockfalls near the landing site of ExoMars Rosalind Franklin Rover: drivers, trafficability, and implications
Aleksandra J. Sokołowska•Ingrid J. Daubar•Ariyana Bonab•Ian Haut•Valentin T. Bickel等 8 人
Npj Space Exploration
2025
•2025/8/21
•Vol.1 No.1 p.1-12
The Oxia Planum region of Mars was selected as the landing site of the upcoming ESA ExoMars Rosalind Franklin Rover because of the match with science requirements as well as its relatively flat topography. Previous works mapped isolated boulders in the area but did not find any signs of fresh mass w...
Astronomy and planetary scienceEngineering
10.1038/S44453-025-00008-7
ISSN:3059-3700
Diverse organic-mineral associations in Jezero crater, Mars
Sunanda Sharma•Ryan D. Roppel•Ashley E. Murphy•Luther W. Beegle•Rohit Bhartia等 51 人
Nature
2023
•2023/7/12
•Vol.619 No.7971 p.724-732
The presence and distribution of preserved organic matter on the surface of Mars can provide key information about the Martian carbon cycle and the potential of the planet to host life throughout its history. Several types of organic molecules have been previously detected in Martian meteorites...
AstrobiologyFluorescence spectroscopyGeochemistryRaman spectroscopy
10.1038/S41586-023-06143-Z
ISSN:0028-0836