Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative
English
United States, Los Angeles
LRRK2

数据描述

Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative

PPMI is expanding to more than 4,000 volunteers, including 2,000 prodromal participants, recruited at nearly 50 international sites. The study continues to follow its earliest volunteers, enrolled beginning in 2010. PPMI follows thousands of individuals with varied connections to Parkinson’s: clinical and genetic risk factors, recently diagnosed and with disease for over a decade, and control volunteers.

www.ppmi-info.org
IP: 68.181.133.28
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相关论文

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Patient-centered brain transcriptomic and multimodal imaging determinants of clinical progression, physical activity, and treatment needs in Parkinson’s disease

Quadri AdewaleAhmed Faraz KhanSue-Jin LinTobias R. BaumeisterYashar Zeighami8
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/2/15
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-14
We continue to lack a clear understanding on how the biological and clinical complexity of Parkinson’s disease emerges from molecular to macroscopic brain interactions. Here, we use personalized multiscale spatiotemporal computational brain models to characterize for the first time the synergistic l...
NeurodegenerationParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-00878-4
ISSN:2373-8057

Predicting dementia in people with Parkinson’s disease

Mohamed AboragehTom HähnelPatricia Martins CondeJochen KluckenHolger Fröhlich
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/5/13
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-10
Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibits a variety of symptoms, with approximately 25% of patients experiencing mild cognitive impairment and 45% developing dementia within ten years of diagnosis. Predicting this progression and identifying its causes remains challenging. Our study utilizes machine learnin...
Computational biology and bioinformaticsDementiaGenotypeParkinson's diseaseRisk factors
10.1038/S41531-025-00983-4
ISSN:2373-8057

Free water in the external globus pallidus predicts mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease and is associated with serum neurofilament light chain levels

Huimin ChenHuijing LiuWenyi KouXinxin MaYunfei Long11
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2026
2026/2/11
Vol.12 No.1 p.710
This study explored free-water diffusion tensor imaging (FW-DTI) in the basal ganglia as a biomarker for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). One hundred and fourteen drug-naïve PD patients (without MCI at baseline) and 102 healthy controls (HC) from Parkinson’s Progression M...
BiomarkersDiseasesMedical researchNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-026-01291-1
ISSN:2373-8057

Inherent variability limits clinical utility of reproducible Parkinson’s transcriptomics signatures

Roy DayanSerafima DubnovHagit TurmMichelle GruninShahar Shohat9
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/12/19
0
Blood transcriptomic signatures for Parkinson’s disease (PD) diagnosis have failed to integrate into clinical practice despite decades of translational efforts. We evaluated the classification performance of 13 published coding RNA-based signatures using both a large public dataset and data we colle...
BiomarkersComputational biology and bioinformaticsDiseasesGeneticsNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-025-01238-Y
ISSN:2373-8057

Risk factors of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease: results from the PPMI cohort

Paolo EusebiMichele RomoliFederico Paolini PaolettiNicola TambascoPaolo Calabresi6
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2018
2018/11/16
Vol.4 No.1 p.1-6
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) negatively impact on the quality of life of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We assessed the risk factors for LID in a cohort of de-novo PD patients enrolled in the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). This retrospective cohort study included a...
Parkinson's diseaseRisk factors
10.1038/S41531-018-0069-X
ISSN:2373-8057

Immunological shifts during early-stage Parkinson’s disease identified with DNA methylation data on longitudinally collected blood samples

Steven C. PikeMatthew HavrdaFrancesca GilliZe ZhangLucas A. Salas
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/1/11
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-16
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the United States. Decades before motor symptoms manifest, non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder are highly predictive of PD. Previous immune profiling studies have iden...
EpidemiologyGenetic databasesParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-023-00626-6
ISSN:2373-8057

Pedunculopontine-thalamic cholinergic projections in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder

Julia SchumacherStefan TeipelAlexander StorchWiebke Hermann
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2026
2026/3/6
Vol.12 No.1 p.670
Cholinergic system degeneration is a hallmark of Lewy body disease, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), but its involvement in prodromal stages, particularly regarding pedunculopontine-thalamic projections, remains unclear. This study investigated cholinergic path...
BiomarkersDiseasesNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-026-01311-0
ISSN:2373-8057

Predictive modeling to uncover Parkinson’s disease characteristics that delay diagnosis

Tom HähnelTamara RaschkaJochen KluckenEnrico GlaabJean-Christophe Corvol7
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/4/2
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-7
PD patients present with diverse symptoms, complicating timely diagnosis. We analyzed 1124 PD trajectories using a novel model-based approach to estimate whether diagnosis was early or late compared to cohort averages. Higher age, specific non-motor symptoms, and fast disease progression were linked...
Outcomes researchParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-00923-2
ISSN:2373-8057

A longitudinal DNA methylation atlas and its link to brain structure and mental health

Di ChenXinyang YuWei ChengLinbo WangShitong Xiang34
Molecular Psychiatry
2026
2026/3/31
00 p.1-15
Epigenetic mechanisms are thought to contribute to neurodevelopmental vulnerability for psychiatric disorders, yet longitudinal evidence linking DNA methylation (DNAm) to brain maturation and psychopathology is limited. Using epigenome-wide DNAm (372,582 CpGs) and whole-brain structural MRI data fro...
GeneticsPsychiatric disorders
10.1038/S41380-026-03554-Y
ISSN:1359-4184

Identification and prediction of Parkinson’s disease subtypes and progression using machine learning in two cohorts

Dadu AnantSatone VipulKaur RachneetHashemi Sayed HadiLeonard Hampton19
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2022
2022/12/16
Vol.8 No.1 p.1-12
The clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are characterized by heterogeneity in age at onset, disease duration, rate of progression, and the constellation of motor versus non-motor features. There is an unmet need for the characterization of distinct disease subtypes as well as improve...
BiomarkersNeurological manifestationsPredictive medicine
10.1038/S41531-022-00439-Z
ISSN:2373-8057

Optimizing Parkinson’s disease progression scales using computational methods

Assaf BeneshRoy N. AlcalayAnat MirelmanRon Shamir
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2026
2026/1/23
Vol.12 No.1 p.460
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a highly heterogeneous condition with symptoms spanning motor and non-motor domains. Clinical scales like the Movement Disorder Society’s Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) are standard in clinical trials where disease progression is monitored. They rely...
Computational biology and bioinformaticsDiseasesNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-026-01259-1
ISSN:2373-8057

DAT-SPECT-based subtype and stage inference in Parkinson’s disease

Masakazu OzawaDaisuke YoshimaruAmi YuzawaKenji IshiiHirotaka James Okano
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2026
2026/4/15
0
Heterogeneity in the pattern of nigrostriatal degeneration can complicate the prognosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease. We analysed dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography with 123I-ioflupane (DAT-SPECT) using atlas-based 12-region segmentation in 636 drug-naive patient...
BiomarkersDiseasesMedical researchNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-026-01347-2
ISSN:2373-8057

Brain atrophy pattern in de novo Parkinson’s disease with probable RBD associated with cognitive impairment

Oltra JavierUribe CarmeSegura BarbaraCampabadal AnnaInguanzo Anna12
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2022
2022/5/24
Vol.8 No.1 p.1-7
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is associated with high likelihood of prodromal Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is common in de novo PD. It is associated with greater cognitive impairment and brain atrophy. However, the relation between structural brain characteristics and cognition re...
Magnetic resonance imagingParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-022-00326-7
ISSN:2373-8057

Proteomic signatures of the APOE ε4 and APOE ε2 genetic variants and Alzheimer’s disease

Lina LuAlexa Pichet BinetteInes HristovskaShorena JanelidzeBart Smets17
Nature Aging
2026
2026/5/15
00 p.1-20
The APOE locus is the strongest genetic factor for Alzheimer’s disease, with ε4 increasing and ε2 decreasing risk, yet the basis of these opposing effects remains unclear. Here we performed a multicohort proteomic analysis across plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in GNPC, BioFINDER-2, ADNI, UK BioBank,...
AgeingAlzheimer's diseaseBiomarkersCognitive ageingGenetic association study
10.1038/S43587-026-01123-0
ISSN:2662-8465

Longitudinal assessment of the association between pesticide exposure and lifestyle with Parkinson’s disease motor severity

Theresa LüthAmke CaliebeCarolin GabbertSebastian SendelBjörn-Hergen Laabs8
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/6/12
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-13
Longitudinal investigations on the relationship between lifestyle exposures and motor severity are lacking. In this longitudinal study, we included patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (iPD) (N = 5139) and LRRK2-related PD (N = 81) from PPMI-Online and Fox Insight. Motor aspects were followe...
Parkinson's diseaseRisk factorsSigns and symptoms
10.1038/S41531-025-01010-2
ISSN:2373-8057

Two-step detection of Lewy body pathology via smell-function testing and CSF α-synuclein seed amplification

Sophie E. MastenbroekLyduine E. CollijJacob W. VogelSerena CalderaGeidy E. Serrano13
Nature Communications
2025
2025/8/5
Vol.16 No.1 p.1-9
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α-synuclein (α-syn) seed amplification assays (SAAs) can detect Lewy body pathology (LBP) with high accuracy but are invasive and costly. To address these challenges, this study evaluated a two-step workflow combining prescreening via smell-function testing with confirmator...
Alzheimer's diseaseDiagnostic markersMovement disordersParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41467-025-62458-7
ISSN:2041-1723

Genetic factors affecting dopaminergic deterioration during the premotor stage of Parkinson disease

Lee Myung JunPak KyoungjuneKim Han-KyeolNudelman Kelly N.Kim Jong Hun9
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2021
2021/11/26
Vol.7 No.1 p.1-9
To estimate dopaminergic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) during the premotor stage and to investigate the effect of genetic factors on the trajectories. Using longitudinal dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography data from 367 sporadic PD (sPD), 72 LRRK2 (G...
NeurodegenerationParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-021-00250-2
ISSN:2373-8057

Percentile scores for the revised University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test for 16,972 individuals 60 years of age and older

Kerri A. PierzWhitley AamodtCaroline GochanourRyan KurthMichael C. Brumm11
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/10/1
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-7
The study goal was to use a very large study cohort to establish normative data for the revised UPSIT (UPSIT-R) and to compare the resultant percentiles to those of the original UPSIT. A second study was performed to compare the performance of these two tests in a cohort of persons with and without ...
Parkinson's diseaseRisk factors
10.1038/S41531-025-01095-9
ISSN:2373-8057

Profiling complex repeat expansions in RFC1 in Parkinson’s disease

Pilar Alvarez JerezKensuke DaidaAbigail Miano-BurkhardtHirotaka IwakiLaksh Malik21
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/5/24
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-4
A biallelic (AAGGG) expansion in the poly(A) tail of an AluSx3 transposable element within the gene RFC1 is a frequent cause of cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS), and more recently, has been reported as a rare cause of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the Finnish popul...
DNA sequencingStructural variation
10.1038/S41531-024-00723-0
ISSN:2373-8057

Patient-specific models link neurotransmitter receptor mechanisms with motor and visuospatial axes of Parkinson’s disease

Ahmed Faraz KhanQuadri AdewaleSue-Jin LinTobias R. BaumeisterYashar Zeighami8
Nature Communications
2023
2023/9/26
Vol.14 No.1 p.1-17
Parkinson’s disease involves multiple neurotransmitter systems beyond the classical dopaminergic circuit, but their influence on structural and functional alterations is not well understood. Here, we use patient-specific causal brain modeling to identify latent neurotransmitter receptor-mediated mec...
Computational modelsNeurotransmittersParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41467-023-41677-W
ISSN:2041-1723

Progression subtypes in Parkinson’s disease identified by a data-driven multi cohort analysis

Tom HähnelTamara RaschkaStefano SapienzaJochen KluckenEnrico Glaab8
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/5/2
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-13
The progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is heterogeneous across patients, affecting counseling and inflating the number of patients needed to test potential neuroprotective treatments. Moreover, disease subtypes might require different therapies. This work uses a data-driven approach to investig...
BiomarkersClinical trialsParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-024-00712-3
ISSN:2373-8057

Structural underpinnings and long-term effects of resilience in Parkinson’s disease

Verena DzialasMerle C. HoenigStéphane PrangeGérard N. BischofAlexander Drzezga6
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/5/2
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-11
Resilience in neuroscience generally refers to an individual’s capacity to counteract the adverse effects of a neuropathological condition. While resilience mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease are well-investigated, knowledge regarding its quantification, neurobiological underpinnings, network adaptat...
Motor controlParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-024-00699-X
ISSN:2373-8057

Integrative epigenetics and transcriptomics identify aging genes in human blood

Mahdi MoqriKejun YingJesse R. PoganikChiara HerzogQingwen Chen19
Nature Communications
2026
2026/1/19
Vol.17 No.1 p.7250
Recent epigenome-wide studies have identified a large number of genomic regions that consistently exhibit changes in their methylation status with aging across diverse populations, but the functional consequences of these changes are largely unknown. On the other hand, transcriptomic changes are mor...
AgeingBiomarkersTranscriptomics
10.1038/S41467-025-67369-1
ISSN:2041-1723

Clinically probable RBD is an early predictor of malignant non-motor Parkinson’s disease phenotypes

Alfonso Enrique Martinez-NunezHunter HutchinsonPatricia CoutinhoFilipe Pereira SarmentoVenkat Srikar Lavu11
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/1/29
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-7
Non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) significantly impact quality of life, especially in later stages. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) affects approximately 42% of all PD patients and frequently precedes motor PD symptoms. RBD is linked to increased rates of depression and cognitiv...
NeurodegenerationParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-00874-8
ISSN:2373-8057

Dysautonomia and REM sleep behavior disorder contributions to progression of Parkinson’s disease phenotypes

Riboldi Giulietta MariaRusso Marco J.Pan LingWatkins KristenKang Un Jung
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2022
2022/8/30
Vol.8 No.1 p.1-8
Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) such as dysautonomia and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) are recognized to be important prodromal symptoms that may also indicate clinical subtypes of PD with different pathogenesis. Unbiased clustering analyses showed that subjects with dysautonomia ...
Movement disordersParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-022-00373-0
ISSN:2373-8057

Sustained effect of prasinezumab on Parkinson’s disease motor progression in the open-label extension of the PASADENA trial

Gennaro PaganoAnnabelle MonnetAdriana ReyesBenjamin RibbaHanno Svoboda20
Nature Medicine
2024
2024/10/8
00 p.1-7
The Phase II trial of Anti-alpha-Synuclein Antibody in Early Parkinson’s Disease (PASADENA) is an ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of prasinezumab in early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD). During the double-blind period, prasinezumab-treated individual...
Motor controlParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41591-024-03270-6
ISSN:1078-8956

Neuronal alpha-Synuclein Disease integrated staging system performance in PPMI, PASADENA, and SPARK baseline cohorts

Tien DamGennaro PaganoMichael C. BrummCaroline GochanourKathleen L. Poston33
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/9/27
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-12
The Neuronal alpha-Synuclein Disease (NSD) biological definition and Integrated Staging System (NSD-ISS) provide a research framework to identify individuals with Lewy body pathology and stage them based on underlying biology and increasing degree of functional impairment. Utilizing data from the PP...
NeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-024-00789-W
ISSN:2373-8057

Baseline cerebral structural morphology predict freezing of gait in early drug-naïve Parkinson’s disease

Li YutingHuang XiaofeiRuan XiuhangDuan DingnaZhang Yihe11
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2022
2022/12/29
Vol.8 No.1 p.1-9
Freezing of gait (FOG) greatly impacts the daily life of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, predictors of FOG in early PD are limited. Moreover, recent neuroimaging evidence of cerebral morphological alterations in PD is heterogeneous. We aimed to develop a model that could predict the...
Magnetic resonance imagingMovement disordersParkinson's diseasePredictive markers
10.1038/S41531-022-00442-4
ISSN:2373-8057

Simulating the progression of brain structural alterations in Parkinson’s disease

Park Chang-hyunShin Na-YoungYoo Sang-WonSeo HaeseokYoon Uicheul8
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2022
2022/6/28
Vol.8 No.1 p.1-8
Considering brain structural alterations as neurodegenerative consequences of Parkinson's disease (PD), we sought to infer the progression of PD via the ordering of brain structural alterations from cross-sectional MRI observations. Having measured cortical thinning in gray matter (GM) regions and d...
Parkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-022-00349-0
ISSN:2373-8057

Generation of realistic synthetic data using Multimodal Neural Ordinary Differential Equations

Wendland PhilippBirkenbihl ColinGomez-Freixa MarcSood MeemansaKschischo Maik6
Npj Digital Medicine
2022
2022/8/20
Vol.5 No.1 p.1-10
Individual organizations, such as hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, and health insurance providers, are currently limited in their ability to collect data that are fully representative of a disease population. This can, in turn, negatively impact the generalization ability of statistical models a...
Alzheimer's diseaseParkinson's diseasePublic healthClinical trial designTranslational research
10.1038/S41746-022-00666-X
ISSN:2398-6352

Associations of cholinergic system integrity with cognitive decline in GBA1 and LRRK2 mutation carriers

Julia SchumacherNicola RayStefan TeipelAlexander Storch
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/6/29
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-13
In Parkinson’s disease (PD), GBA1- and LRRK2-mutations are associated with different clinical phenotypes which might be related to differential involvement of the cholinergic system. We investigated cholinergic integrity in 149 asymptomatic GBA1 and 169 asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, 112 LRRK...
Parkinson's diseasePrognostic markers
10.1038/S41531-024-00743-W
ISSN:2373-8057

The effects of aquaporin-4 polymorphisms on glymphatic function and motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease

Jianmei QinYi FangXiaojie DuanmuJiaqi WenHaoting Wu18
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/10/8
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-8
Growing evidence suggests that the glymphatic system, driven by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels, plays a key role in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We examined the impact of specific AQP4 variants on glymphatic function using diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS), and explore...
Diffusion tensor imagingParkinson's diseasePredictive markers
10.1038/S41531-025-01139-0
ISSN:2373-8057

Prediction of impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease through a longitudinal machine learning study

Alexandros VamvakasTim Van BalkomGuido Van WingenJan BooijDaniel Weintraub8
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2026
2026/1/7
Vol.12 No.1 p.380
Impulse control disorders (ICD) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients mainly occur as adverse effects of dopamine replacement therapy. Despite several known risk factors, ICD development cannot yet be accurately predicted at PD diagnosis. We aimed to investigate the predictability of incident ICD by ...
DiseasesMedical researchNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-025-01248-W
ISSN:2373-8057

Multiplex cerebrospinal fluid proteomics identifies biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer’s disease

Yu GuoShi-Dong ChenJia YouShu-Yi HuangYi-Lin Chen15
Nature Human Behaviour
2024
2024/7/10
00 p.1-20
Recent expansion of proteomic coverage opens unparalleled avenues to unveil new biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among 6,361 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins analysed from the ADNI database, YWHAG performed best in diagnosing both biologically (AUC = 0.969) and clinically (AUC = 0.857) defi...
Alzheimer's diseaseDiagnostic markersNeurodegeneration
10.1038/S41562-024-01924-6
ISSN:2397-3374

Early-stage idiopathic Parkinson’s disease is associated with reduced circular RNA expression

Benjamin J. WhittleOsagie G. IzuoguHannah LowesDasha DeenAngela Pyle11
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/1/20
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-14
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) precedes diagnosis by years. Early neurodegeneration may be reflected in RNA levels and measurable as a biomarker. Here, we present the largest quantification of whole blood linear and circular RNAs (circRNA) in early-stage idiopathic PD, using RNA seque...
Gene regulatory networksPreclinical researchPredictive markers
10.1038/S41531-024-00636-Y
ISSN:2373-8057

Brain age gap as a predictive biomarker that links aging, lifestyle, and neuropsychiatric health

Ruixia ZhangFan YiHongjing MaoZhengxing HuangKai Wang6
Communications Medicine
2025
2025/10/24
Vol.5 No.1 p.1-14
The brain age gap (BAG) is a neuroimaging-derived marker of accelerated brain aging. However, its clinical application faces challenges due to model inaccuracies and unclear links to disease mechanisms. This study investigates the clinical relevance of BAG across neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitiv...
Cognitive neuroscienceNeuroscience
10.1038/S43856-025-01100-5
ISSN:2730-664X

Thalamic nuclei volume changes associated with cognitive and motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease

Vicente J. Ferrer-GallardoTeresa Esteban-PeñalbaMaria C. Rodriguez-OrozCésar Caballero-GaudesPedro M. Paz-Alonso
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/9/30
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-9
Motor and cognitive symptoms are key features of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which typically appear over time as the disease progresses. The thalamus, a central hub within basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits, plays a crucial role in motor, sensory, and cognitive functions. This study examined thala...
Parkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-01129-2
ISSN:2373-8057

Common and distinct roles of amygdala subregional functional connectivity in non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Wang JunlingSun LianglongChen LiliSun JunyanXie Yapei10
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2023
2023/2/17
Vol.9 No.1 p.1-11
Neuroimaging studies suggest a pivotal role of amygdala dysfunction in non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the relationship between amygdala subregions (the centromedial (CMA), basolateral (BLA) and superficial amygdala (SFA)) and NMS has not been delineated. We used resti...
Parkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-023-00469-1
ISSN:2373-8057

Hyposmia in Parkinson’s disease; exploring selective odour loss

Eleanor MitchellChristian MattjieJonathan P. BestwickRodrigo C. BarrosArtur F. Schuh7
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/4/4
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-9
Smell loss is a frequent and early manifestation of Parkinson’s disease (PD), serving as a sensitive - albeit nonspecific - clinical biomarker1. The notion that PD causes odour-selective hyposmia has been debated for three decades. Previous studies have used healthy controls as the comparator; this ...
Parkinson's diseasePredictive markers
10.1038/S41531-025-00922-3
ISSN:2373-8057

Evolution patterns of probable REM sleep behavior disorder predicts Parkinson’s disease progression

Ye GuanyuXu XiaomengZhou LicheZhao AonanZhu Lin6
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2022
2022/4/5
Vol.8 No.1 p.1-8
The course of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) variates in the early stage of Parkinson’s disease. We aimed to delineate the association between the evolution pattern of probable RBD (pRBD) and the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). 281 de novo PD patients from the Parkinson’s Progression Mar...
Parkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-022-00303-0
ISSN:2373-8057

A worldwide study of white matter microstructural alterations in people living with Parkinson’s disease

Conor Owens-WaltonTalia M. NirSarah Al-BachariSonia AmbrogiTim J. Anderson58
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/8/11
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-12
The progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with microstructural alterations in neural pathways, contributing to both motor and cognitive decline. However, conflicting findings have emerged due to the use of heterogeneous methods in small studies. Here we performed a large diffusion MR...
Parkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-024-00758-3
ISSN:2373-8057

Two distinct trajectories of clinical and neurodegeneration events in Parkinson’s disease

Cheng ZhouLinbo WangWei ChengJinChao LvXiaoujun Guan21
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2023
2023/7/13
Vol.9 No.1 p.1-11
Increasing evidence suggests that Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibits disparate spatial and temporal patterns of progression. Here we used a machine-learning technique—Subtype and Stage Inference (SuStaIn) — to uncover PD subtypes with distinct trajectories of clinical and neurodegeneration events. We...
Biophysical modelsParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-023-00556-3
ISSN:2373-8057

Contrastive machine learning reveals Parkinson’s disease specific features associated with disease severity and progression

Liping ZhengCheng ZhouChengjie MaoChao XieJia You17
Communications Biology
2024
2024/8/7
Vol.7 No.1 p.1-11
Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibits heterogeneity in terms of symptoms and prognosis, likely due to diverse neuroanatomical alterations. This study employs a contrastive deep learning approach to analyze Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data from 932 PD patients and 366 controls, aiming to disentangle...
Magnetic resonance imagingParkinson's disease
10.1038/S42003-024-06648-X
ISSN:2399-3642

Antagonistic network signature of motor function in Parkinson’s disease revealed by connectome-based predictive modeling

Wang XuyangYoo KwangsunChen HuafuZou TingWang Hongyu9
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2022
2022/4/22
Vol.8 No.1 p.1-13
Motor impairment is a core clinical feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although the decoupled brain connectivity has been widely reported in previous neuroimaging studies, how the functional connectome is involved in motor dysfunction has not been well elucidated in PD patients. Here we developed ...
Network modelsParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-022-00315-W
ISSN:2373-8057

Carriers of LRRK2 pathogenic variants show a milder, anatomically distinct brain signature of Parkinson’s disease

Jakub KopalAndrew VoQin TaoTanya SimuniLana M. Chahine7
Communications Medicine
2026
2026/1/3
Vol.6 No.1 p.710
Pathogenic LRRK2 gene variants are a major genetic risk factor for both familial and sporadic Parkinson’s dissease (PD), opening an unattended window into disease mechanisms and potential therapies. Investigating the influence of pathogenic variants in LRRK2 gene on brain structure is a crucial step...
Parkinson's diseaseRare variants
10.1038/S43856-025-01330-7
ISSN:2730-664X

Subitem-level multi-scale assessment and machine learning for three-class cognitive status classification in Parkinson’s disease

Ying-Che ChenRwei-Ling YuSun-Yuan Hsieh
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/12/4
0
People with Parkinson’s disease (PD) frequently develop cognitive impairments, and early accurate classification of cognitive status is critically important for clinical intervention. In this study, we leveraged data from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) to develop a two-stage m...
BiomarkersDiseasesNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-025-01218-2
ISSN:2373-8057

Data-driven characterization of distinct cognitive subtypes in Parkinson’s disease dementia

Miguel A. Labrador-EspinosaJesús Silva-RodríguezPablo MirMichel J. Grothe
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/5/9
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-10
Individual cognitive profiles of patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) are highly heterogeneous, suggesting possible biological subtypes. We studied 75 PD patients who developed dementia in the course of the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative study to investigate data-driven evide...
DementiaLearning algorithmsMagnetic resonance imagingParkinson's diseasePrognostic markersRisk factors
10.1038/S41531-025-00970-9
ISSN:2373-8057

Self-perceived life course sleep duration trajectories and risk and age at onset of Parkinson’s disease

Yi FangRebecca HardyKristine YaffeSimon J. LittleCaroline M. Tanner6
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/12/14
0
Sleep disturbances are both prodromes and potential risk factors for Parkinson’s disease (PD), yet associations between long-term sleep patterns and PD remain unclear. We analyzed data from two online cohorts—PPMI-Online (n = 15,905) and Fox Insight (n = 1929)—to examine associations between self-re...
EpidemiologyParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-01202-W
ISSN:2373-8057

Frontoparietal network resilience is associated with protection against cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease

Cascone Arianna D.Langella StephanieSklerov MiriamDayan Eran
Communications Biology
2021
2021/9/1
Vol.4 No.1 p.1-10
Though Parkinson’s disease is primarily defined as a movement disorder, it is also characterized by a range of non-motor symptoms, including cognitive decline. The onset and progression of cognitive decline in individuals with Parkinson’s disease is variable, and the neurobiological mechanisms that ...
Network modelsParkinson's disease
10.1038/S42003-021-02478-3
ISSN:2399-3642

T cell responses towards PINK1 and α-synuclein are elevated in prodromal Parkinson’s disease

Emil JohanssonAntoine FreuchetGregory P. WilliamsTanner MichealisApril Frazier17
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/5/26
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-6
A role of the immune system in Parkinson’s disease (PD) progression has long been suspected due to the increased frequency of activated glial cells and infiltrating T cells in the substantia nigra. It was previously reported that PD donors have increased T cell responses towards PINK1 and α-synuclei...
Antigen processing and presentationNeuroimmunologyParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-01001-3
ISSN:2373-8057

Dopamine-related alterations in functional brain network dynamic reconfiguration in Parkinson’s disease

AmirHussein AbdolalizadehMicha BurkhardtParia JahansaCarsten GießingKarsten Witt6
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2026
2026/7/21
Vol.12 No.1 p.1750
Dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson’s disease disrupts large-scale brain networks, yet how dopamine loss and its treatment shape the brain’s dynamic reconfiguration over time remains unknown. We combined resting-state fMRI with dopamine transporter scan in 136 drug-naive patients and 20 healthy c...
DiseasesNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-026-01466-W
ISSN:2373-8057

Propensity-matched multicenter comparison of Parkinson’s disease outcomes with and without deep brain stimulation

Alireza GharabaghiFarzin NegahbaniMarius Keute
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2026
2026/1/8
Vol.12 No.1 p.100
Subthalamic deep brain stimulation is established for Parkinson’s disease, reducing funding for randomized trials and necessitating complementary approaches to assess outcomes in broader clinical contexts. Using publicly available multicenter data, we compared propensity-matched patients with and wi...
DiseasesMedical researchNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-025-01251-1
ISSN:2373-8057

Striatal (a-)symmetry reveals sex-specific autonomic vulnerabilities in early Parkinson’s disease

Anthony Nuber-ChampierJulie Anne Péron
Npj Women's Health
2026
2026/1/6
Vol.4 No.1 p.20
Autonomic symptoms are common in Parkinson’s disease and vary according to patterns of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The impact of sex and striatal denervation asymmetry are interesting avenues for observing distinct patient phenotypes from the early stages of the disease. This exploratory study i...
DiseasesHealth care
10.1038/S44294-025-00121-8
ISSN:2948-1716

Epigenetic insights into neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: A DNA co-methylation network analysis

Joshua HarveyAdam R. SmithLuke S. WeymouthRebecca G. SmithIsabel Castanho11
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/3/2
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-10
Parkinson’s disease is a highly heterogeneous disorder, encompassing a complex spectrum of clinical presentation including motor, sleep, cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. We aimed to investigate genome-wide DNA methylation networks in post-mortem Parkinson’s disease brain samples and test for...
EpigeneticsGene regulatory networksParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-00877-5
ISSN:2373-8057

Explainable SHAP- XGBoost with DAT and clinical data for freezing of gait detection in Parkinson disease

Shuxian JinYumeng QiYayun YanWenhua RenXue Wang6
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2026
2026/1/8
Vol.12 No.1 p.420
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common and debilitating symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD) that requires early detection for timely intervention. In this study, we developed an explainable SHAP-XGBoost model integrating clinical assessments and dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging to identify L-dopa resp...
BiomarkersDiseasesMedical researchNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-025-01254-Y
ISSN:2373-8057

Akinetic rigid symptoms are associated with decline in a cortical motor network in Parkinson’s disease

Sarah J. KannChiapei ChangPeter ManzaHoi-Chung Leung
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2020
2020/8/24
Vol.6 No.1 p.1-8
The akinetic/rigid (AR) motor subtype of Parkinson’s Disease is associated with increased rates of motor and cognitive decline. Cross-sectional studies examining the neural correlates of AR have found abnormalities in both subcortical and cortical networks involved in motor planning and execution re...
Basal gangliaParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-020-00120-3
ISSN:2373-8057

Optimizing wrist-worn wearable compliance with insights from two Parkinson’s disease cohort studies

Marjan J. MeindersLaura HeathersKing Chung HoLaura RussellChris Li8
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/6/6
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-8
Wearable technologies enable real-time, continuous, noninvasive data collection, where long-term compliance is essential. The Personalized Parkinson Project (PPP) and the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) utilized the Verily Study Watch. Participants, including people diagnosed with ...
Diagnostic markersNeurological manifestationsOutcomes researchParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-01016-W
ISSN:2373-8057

TOMM40 ‘523’ poly-T repeat length is a determinant of longitudinal cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease

Megan C. BakebergAnastazja M. GoreckiAbigail L. PfaffMadison E. HoesSulev Kõks8
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2021
2021/7/7
Vol.7 No.1 p.1-9
The translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40) ‘523’ polymorphism has previously been associated with age of Alzheimer’s disease onset and cognitive functioning in non-pathological ageing, but has not been explored as a candidate risk marker for cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease ...
GenotypeParkinson's diseasePredictive markers
10.1038/S41531-021-00200-Y
ISSN:2373-8057

Volumetric spline-based Kolmogorov-Arnold architectures surpass CNNs, vision transformers, and graph networks for Parkinson’s disease detection

Salil B. PatelVicky GohJames J. FitzGeraldChrystalina A. Antoniades
Communications Medicine
2025
2025/11/3
Vol.5 No.1 p.1-14
Parkinson’s Disease diagnosis remains challenging due to subtle early brain changes. Deep learning approaches using brain scans may assist diagnosis, but optimal architectures remain unclear. This study applies Convolutional Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (ConvKANs), which use flexible mathematical func...
Computational neuroscienceParkinson's disease
10.1038/S43856-025-01141-W
ISSN:2730-664X

Comprehensive short and long read sequencing analysis for the Gaucher and Parkinson’s disease-associated GBA gene

Toffoli MarcoChen XiaoSedlazeck Fritz J.Lee Chiao-YinMullin Stephen13
Communications Biology
2022
2022/7/6
Vol.5 No.1 p.1-10
GBA variants carriers are at increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD). The presence of pseudogene GBAP1 predisposes to structural variants, complicating genetic analysis. We present two methods to resolve recombinant alleles and other variants in GBA: Gauchian, a tool ...
Disease geneticsParkinson's disease
10.1038/S42003-022-03610-7
ISSN:2399-3642

Modulatory effect of levodopa on the basal ganglia-cerebellum connectivity in Parkinson’s disease

Juyoung Jenna YunSubati AbulikemuKodchakorn Love JangwanichYen F. TaiShlomi Haar
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/5/6
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-14
Long-term levodopa use in Parkinson’s disease is associated with declining efficacy and motor complications. Understanding its effects on brain reorganisation is vital for optimizing therapy. Using data from Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative, we investigated levodopa’s impact on resting-stat...
Basal gangliaCerebellumParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-00954-9
ISSN:2373-8057

MRI subtypes in Parkinson’s disease across diverse populations and clustering approaches

Anna InguanzoRosaleena MohantyKonstantinos PoulakisDaniel FerreiraBarbara Segura13
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/8/16
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-11
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is clinically heterogeneous, which suggests the existence of subtypes; however, there has been no consensus regarding their characteristics. This study included 633 PD individuals across distinct cohorts: unmedicated de novo PD, medicated PD, mild-moderate PD, and a cohort b...
Diagnostic markersParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-024-00759-2
ISSN:2373-8057

Transcriptomics and weighted protein network analyses of the LRRK2 protein interactome reveal distinct molecular signatures for sporadic and LRRK2 Parkinson’s Disease

Yibo ZhaoMatthew Bracher-SmithYuelin LiKirsten HarveyValentina Escott-Price7
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/8/3
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-12
Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are the most common genetic cause of familial Parkinson’s Disease (LRRK2-PD) and an important risk factor for sporadic PD (sPD). Multiple clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the benefits associated with the therapeutical reduction of LRRK2 kinase activity. In this stu...
Parkinson's diseaseSystems biology
10.1038/S41531-024-00761-8
ISSN:2373-8057

The genetic architecture of human brainstem structures and their involvement in common brain disorders

Torbjørn ElvsåshagenShahram BahramiDennis van der MeerIngrid AgartzDag Alnæs76
Nature Communications
2020
2020/8/11
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-14
Brainstem regions support vital bodily functions, yet their genetic architectures and involvement in common brain disorders remain understudied. Here, using imaging-genetics data from a discovery sample of 27,034 individuals, we identify 45 brainstem-associated genetic loci, including the first link...
BrainDiseases of the nervous systemGenetics of the nervous systemGenome-wide association studies
10.1038/S41467-020-17376-1
ISSN:2041-1723

Triglyceride-glucose index predicts cognitive decline and striatal dopamine deficiency in Parkinson disease in two cohorts

Huimin CaoYuying ZhaoZiyi ChenXiaoya ZouXinyi Du9
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/8/13
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-9
Heterogeneity is an important feature of cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), with emerging evidence linking insulin resistance to accelerated cognitive decline. Our investigation examined the relationship between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index-a marker of insulin re...
BiomarkersDiseasesHealth careNeurologyNeuroscienceRisk factors+1
10.1038/S41531-025-01100-1
ISSN:2373-8057

Proteome wide association studies of LRRK2 variants identify novel causal and druggable proteins for Parkinson’s disease

Bridget PhillipsDaniel WesternLihua WangJigyasha TimsinaYichen Sun26
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2023
2023/7/8
Vol.9 No.1 p.1-9
Common and rare variants in the LRRK2 locus are associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk, but the downstream effects of these variants on protein levels remain unknown. We performed comprehensive proteogenomic analyses using the largest aptamer-based CSF proteomics study to date (7006 aptamers ...
BiomarkersGenomics
10.1038/S41531-023-00555-4
ISSN:2373-8057

Neural networks reveal novel gene signatures in Parkinson disease from single-nuclei transcriptomes

Michael R. FioriniJialun LiEdward A. FonSali M. K. FarhanRhalena A. Thomas
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/10/21
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-14
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with an incompletely understood genetic architecture that necessitates novel discovery methods. We introduce an explainable machine learning framework that uses single-cell/nuclei RNA sequencing (sc/snRNAseq) to identify molecular mar...
Computational biology and bioinformaticsGeneticsParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-01147-0
ISSN:2373-8057

Brain age gap as predictor of disease progression in Parkinson’s disease

Tom HähnelShammi MoreFelix HoffstaedterKaustubh R. PatilHolger Fröhlich6
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/12/8
Vol.11 No.1 p.3530
Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibits high heterogeneity in disease progression, complicating management and increasing required sample sizes for clinical trials. This study evaluates Brain Age Gap (BAG)—the difference between brain age and chronological age—for predicting disease progression in PD. Str...
BiomarkersDiseasesNeurologyNeuroscience
10.1038/S41531-025-01232-4
ISSN:2373-8057

Multimodal phenotypic axes of Parkinson’s disease

Ross D. MarkelloGolia ShafieiChristina TremblayRonald B. PostumaAlain Dagher6
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2021
2021/1/5
Vol.7 No.1 p.1-12
Individuals with Parkinson’s disease present with a complex clinical phenotype, encompassing sleep, motor, cognitive, and affective disturbances. However, characterizations of PD are typically made for the “average” patient, ignoring patient heterogeneity and obscuring important individual differenc...
NeuroscienceParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-020-00144-9
ISSN:2373-8057

Longitudinal non-negative matrix factorization identifies the altered trajectory of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease

Xinmin HouKai ZhouYuxuan WuRong LiJiali Yu9
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/8/28
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-10
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with progressive structural alterations throughout the brain, resulting in motor symptoms that seriously affect patients’ daily life. The present study then aimed to explore the progressive co-changes in gray matter pattern...
Magnetic resonance imagingParkinson's disease
10.1038/S41531-025-01127-4
ISSN:2373-8057

Digital outcome measures from smartwatch data relate to non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease

Ann-Kathrin SchalkampNeil A. HarrisonKathryn J. PeallCynthia Sandor
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2024
2024/5/29
Vol.10 No.1 p.1-7
Monitoring of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has seen substantial improvement over recent years as digital sensors enable a passive and continuous collection of information in the home environment. However, the primary focus of this work has been motor symptoms, with little focus on the non-motor aspects ...
Parkinson's diseasePredictive markers
10.1038/S41531-024-00719-W
ISSN:2373-8057

Shared and distinct cortical morphometric alterations in five neuropsychiatric symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Qianling LuZhuang ZhuHeng ZhangCaiting GanAidi Shan12
Translational Psychiatry
2024
2024/8/30
Vol.14 No.1 p.1-10
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (including anxiety, depression, apathy, impulse–compulsive behaviors and hallucinations) are among the most common non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Whether these symptoms should be considered as a direct consequence of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of Parkinson’...
Human behaviourNeuroscience
10.1038/S41398-024-03070-Z
ISSN:2158-3188

Deep sequencing of sncRNAs reveals hallmarks and regulatory modules of the transcriptome during Parkinson’s disease progression

Fabian KernTobias FehlmannIvo ViolichEric AlsopElizabeth Hutchins21
Nature Aging
2021
2021/3/15
Vol.1 No.3 p.309-322
Noncoding RNAs have diagnostic and prognostic importance in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We studied circulating small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) in two large-scale longitudinal PD cohorts (Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) and Luxembourg Parkinson’s Study (NCER-PD)) and modeled their impa...
AgeingDiagnostic markersParkinson's diseasePrognostic markersSmall RNAs
10.1038/S43587-021-00042-6
ISSN:2662-8465

Four questions to predict cognitive decline in de novo Parkinson’s disease

Jan HlavničkaJosef ManaOndrej BezdicekMartin ČihákFilip Havlík10
Npj Parkinson's Disease
2025
2025/4/25
Vol.11 No.1 p.1-10
Early identification of cognitive decline (CD) in de novo Parkinson’s disease (PD) is crucial for choosing appropriate therapies and recruiting for clinical trials. However, existing prognostic models lack flexibility, scalability and require costly instrumentation. This study explores the utility o...
Parkinson's diseaseRisk factors
10.1038/S41531-025-00958-5
ISSN:2373-8057

CSF proteome profiling reveals biomarkers to discriminate dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer´s disease

Marta del CampoLisa VermuntCarel F. W. PeetersAnne SiebenYanaika S. Hok-A-Hin16
Nature Communications
2023
2023/9/13
Vol.14 No.1 p.1-14
Diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is challenging and specific biofluid biomarkers are highly needed. We employed proximity extension-based assays to measure 665 proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with DLB (n = 109), Alzheimer´s disease (AD, n = 235) and cognitively un...
Alzheimer's diseaseDiagnostic markersProteomics
10.1038/S41467-023-41122-Y
ISSN:2041-1723